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S  0w ``  X*  0x| `   Z*  0L `   Z*H  0޽h ? ̙33 Default Design0 (     N9k9k u$   v* J%%JJoo  N@19k9k  6$  x* J%%JJoo  T?9k9k u   v* J%%JJoo  TH9k9k  6  x* J%%JJooH  0+j ? ̙33 ,V(  , , 0خ`@ ^(Emittance & Absorptance for Cryo Testing)(2) X , 0H],  *Goal: To better understand emittance and absorptance and how they vary at cryo temperatures Sample problem Emittance & absorptance of non-conductors Effects of wavelength (spectral dependencies and trends) Effects of low temperatures Effects of thickness (paints and films) Honeycomb enhancements|m! 2*!   W*y  fH , 0޽h ? ̙33B 0>00 n(  0 0 0!N & _SIRTF Cryo Telescope Assembly On orbit, CTA passively cooled to 40 K by radiation to space 40 K well below typical LN2-cooled thermal-vac chambers at 80 K Initial plans for thermal balance test Simulate space environment Add helium-cooled shroud inside existing LN2-cooled thermal-vac chamber Helium-cooled shroud at 4 K Painted honeycomb on shroud for absorptance close to 1.0 Concerns about test Validity (see next chart) Feasibility Cost Timep! ~  '!   :  ! +    W % &F 89            h| 0 Tv2 @)  | 0 Tv2 @3Ԕ6b  0 jA"ԔOutlined diamondb@ L .y  30#  f 0 6zD D f ,0 6G | FH  -0 BCDEFxx @` Z .0 s *3.D `_ ZB /0 s *DԔl D ZB 00 s *DԔ D ZB 10 s *DԔ< pD ZB 20 s *DԔ( \D  0 <P!3`y  > ^B "0 6D j  0 0! TExample: SIRTF Thermal Testing(2  0 0! Zk VVacuum chamber walls (293 K)(2 0 0-! P YNitrogen-cooled coldwall (80 K) (2 3 0 00!D @ f.Helium-cooled shroud (4 K) (painted honeycomb)// 0 04!T  ;  JSIRTF CTA (40 K)(2XB 0 0D gXB  0 0DV ]XB !0 0D S~ H 0 0޽h ? ̙33 @* )(    0;! SExample: Basis for Conclusion(2 ^  6A? nb  H(A!GHUb  :   6C!s S  LGoddard Paint Data(2^B  6D  ^B @ 6D O   6|G!  /C  F Extrapolated (2   0J! !+  B From model  XB  0Dp $ L ! 0N!Nk Emittance of paint at 4 K hard to predict At 40 K, epaint = 0.70 0.15 uncertainty (Goddard data) No data at 4 K, but emittance much lower (at 0 K, emittance 0.00) Even with painted honeycomb shroud, emittance at 4 K could be < 0.50*! }  E  *  !#*E hd " 0v!p$ z Test vs space: too different Tsink = 4 K vs 2.7 K (OK) esink = 0.48 vs 1.0 (not OK) Heat reflected back to CTA CTA won t get cold enough Gradients won t be realistic Heat balance unpredictable Thermal balance in 4 K shroud not meaningful Omit 4 K shroud Cool CTA with direct liquid helium lines Make do with questionable thermal balance4! 27   1 #R   - #c      R-c   h ( 0Y!rV l x>What s wrong with this picture? (2  ) B&CDE$F, &-lmFgtO@0 o RB * s *u H  0޽h ? ̙33 ZRP'<4(  4 4 0q!],___PPT9bZ Helium-cooled shroud gives meaningful test Absorptivity of the paint is relative to 40 K, not 4 K Paint s absorptivity depends on wavelength distribution of incident radiation Paint s absorptivity at a given wavelength is independent of paint s temperature Effective absorptance = emittance of paint at 40 K = 0.70 At 40 K, absorptance of painted honeycomb can be > 0.90 Some variation with paint thickness and paint process Some variation with cell size and honeycomb thickness Use specular paint Calorimeter uncertainties increase at cryo temperatures Helium-cooled shroud could mimic space to within 1% Grow shroud from 2X to 10X the area of SIRTF CTA Additional cost for liquid helium to cool larger shroud Concentric spheres: RadK12 = A1/[1/e1 + (A1/A2)(1/e2  1)+ 28  2  9  2  5  21  8 :  +*     1  238      h 4 0! OExample: Revised Solution(2 8    44  4 Tv2 @)   4 Tv2 @3Ԕ6b  4 jA"ԔOutlined diamondb@ T .y  4#  ` 4 0zD D f 4 6G | FH  4 BCDEFxx @` Z 4 s *3.D `_ ZB  4 s *DԔl D ZB !4 s *DԔ D ZB "4 s *DԔ< pD ZB #4 s *DԔ( \D  $4 6D!3`y  > ~8 z.x ) 34v s~ &4 Nv2 @)z.x )~ '4 Nv2 @3Ԕs5  (4 dA"ԔOutlined diamond T .y  )4# &n I ` *4 0zD D f +4 6G | FH  ,4 BCDEFxx @` Z -4 s *3.D `_ ZB .4 s *DԔl D ZB /4 s *DԔ D ZB 04 s *DԔ< pD ZB 14 s *DԔ( \D  24 6ܷ!3`y  >  54 BR CDEFQ R @ E  64 B C?DE F?= ?@7 Iv  74 0!.> T1/104 2  XB 84 0D _ 94 0! 8 S1/24 2  ^r :4 60H  ;4 0H!n B  998% 23 <4 0!P D $ ;99.5% 23H 4 0޽h ? ̙33    `  ^ (     0`T! W!Spectral Intensity of a Blackbody"(2"   0D#P Planck s Radiation Law I(l,T) = (2phc2/l5)/(ehc/lkT  1) Flux (Qbb) = area under curve Qbb,T = sT4 s = 5.6697 X 10-8 W/m2-K4 Curves have similar shapes Imax is proportional to T5 lmax is proportional to 1/T 2"  2* 2 - 2   -                     lX  0A? XB  0D : XB  0D 66C XB  0DJB LB  @ c $DE k LB  @ c $D? 5k LB  @ c $D9 h   0!8 V\ c lmax & Imax< (    0! M G  D 0.004 inches  XB  0D 24 H  0޽h ? ̙33J    p8 (  8X  8 0A ?fH 8 0!> RSpectral Intensity: Log Plot(2  8 0 #|P8  |Everything shifts proportional to 1/T Max power occurs at longer wavelengths at lower temperatures Curve for a lower temperature is less than curve for a higher temperature at all wavelengths At low temperatures, power spreads over wider range of wavelengthsP 2C 2BlXB 8 0Dof 2  8 0"#@h ' qlmaxT = 2897m-KF(   8 tB,CDE F,@FrXB  8 0DjJR 2 XB 8 0DjJ ,  8 0)#@R' b lT = 1148m-K: ( 8 00#FX - c lT = 22917m-K:( XB 8 0D XB 8@ 0D% 7 d 8 <ZH;  LB 8 c $D $  < 8 03#Z  B 98% of power ( H 8 0޽h ? ̙33  H @ <(  < < 0 ;#x PAbsorptance = Emittance: Kirchhoff s Law&)(2(  4 < 0^#],c Absorptance = emittance, if the same& Surface Temperature Wavelength Angle of incidence al,T,q,f= el,T,q,f (rest of presentation omits effects of angle of incidence) Total absorptance = total emittance at the same temperature Emittance Total hemispherical emittance Surface at the given temperature Absorptance Surface is at the given temperature Surface is surrounded by blackbody at the same temperature Must be true, else violates the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics&! 22  T -<! K   ?    _ ;  &#  :   ?   _"  fj < B! 2  3K# =c  D   fH  0޽h ? ̙33 IA L(  LJ L 0?#],:___PPT9ph D For non-metals, el and al is essentially independent of temperature 2-step absorption process Surface reflectance depends on index of refraction Reflectance = [(h - 1)/(h + 1)]2 (normal) h = index of refraction = 1/relative light speed H" [dielectric constant] Volumetric absorptance sometimes limited by thickness Dielectrics are partially transparent Absorptance within material increases with thickness: a = 1  e-kx Free-standing film, or backed by metal layer No significant difference beyond certain thickness (1 to 10 mils typically) At low temperatures, emittance of paints and films decreases Energy shifts to longer wavelengths When wavelengths exceed thickness, paint or film becomes more transparent No decrease for non-conductive substrate if thick enough Surfaces becomes more specular at low temperatures As more wavelengths exceed roughness of surface and substrate^! 3  u 6   =! 2  3! 2>  'go#)'2#' c###+# 'G#+6 # \cc#+z#=3> V  L 0Ĺ# QEmittance of Non-Conductors(2 H8 D7 L8Z L s *"ZB  L s *D33>67lB  LB <DoFDlB  LB <DjJD!lB  L <DHnlB L <D1llB L <D1HL2 L <#: 312 L <<#^ 32H L 0޽h ? ̙33#  (c(  (X ( 0A?tJ3  ( 0# SSpectral Emittance of a Paint(2 . ( 0#rJ vEmittance/absorptance at a given wavelength doesn t vary with temperature Total emittance may vary with temperature as the range of wavelengths shifts Changing temperature of emitting source may shift the absorptance of an absorbing surface Changing temperature of absorbing surface does not change its absorptance.< 23l (  BjC DEFj @ d  ( <ZH|.  .  ( BCJDEFJJ @(~ rH ( 0޽h ? ̙33 G? t(  t t 0~#x X"Emittance of Non-Conductors: Films#(2# X t 0A?  "  t 0 '\  For non-conductors, radiation transfer is more of a volumetric phenomenon Many thin films are partially transparent Absorptance (and emittance) varies exponentially vs thickness Films are volume-limited At low temperatures, wavelengths are longer and films are more transparent Different paints or films show a decrease in emittance at different temperatures Emittance of FEP Teflon films drops off at higher temperatures than most films or paints Paints or OSRs are better on cryo radiators Painted honeycomb gives highest emittance If material is thick enough, emittance stays constant to much lower temperature Emittance of 35-mil fused silica constant from 25 K to 300 KJ!   K 2  W  P 2=  J#KW  P  =  lX  t 0A?E  sH t 0޽h ? ̙33 zH(  H H 0@ ' KHoneycomb Blackbodies(2  H 0t'], hLOpen, painted honeycomb cells increase emittance or absorptance Cavity offers several chances for absorptance Each cavity approximates a blackbody Absorptance still equals emittance Not too sensitive to honeycomb geometry Aspect ratio: cell width versus cell height Aluminum honeycomb minimizes DT to base At cryo temperatures, DT not a factor Obtaining uniform paint may be driver Recommend larger cell honeycomb Allows thicker paint Paint process less critical Specular paint increases effective emittance Diffuse paint: 0.9773125 K, 0.929180 K Specular paint: 0.9984125 K, 0.985780 K@! w  (! 2T  & F  1   -! 2O  ?v (I#c ##c#F # 1 #  -#'+#'+#'+/+#'+/+' f8  8  H) H BCDEF$`\'@9 8`  H 00 T 9  H BCDEF) @` / b  H BtCDEFttt @`O #dB  H@ <DjJidB H <D1[^B H 6D  H 0' p(Multiple bounces in a honeycomb hex cell,)(2(XB H 0Dsu uX H 0A?  # H 0!'& KSimplified model Same hemispherical emittance 100% diffuse vs 100% specularN  ;1 ';'lXB H@ 0D3 H H 0޽h ? ̙33 IA (  X  0A?q   0#> Z$Percent Power vs Wavelength for Cryo%(2%   0O'O  1% of power at l less than 1448/T Maximum power at l of 2897/T Also 25%/75% split 50% of power either side of l of 7393/T 99% of power at l less than 22,917/T? 2  M 2# l  0L'n ;40 mils 2XB  0D ie  0$b'H   :4 mils 2XB  0D ok   0i' Z .zTypical paint thickness = 2 to 8 mils Paint have reduced emittance when wavelengths exceed thickness  (honeycomb cell) = 6,350 microns Cell size well beyond significant wavelength effects& 2?  $ 25  &?$5lH  0޽h ? ̙33      (    0s' SConclusions / Recommendations(2 ,  0u'],j___PPT9ph &For radiation between hot and cold surfaces, the hot surface dominates Temperature of hot emitter determines cold non-conductor s absorptance Absorptance depends on distribution of incident wavelengths Most of the incident radiation originates at the hot surface For non-conductors, al does not vary with temperature Total emittance varies with temperature if & Emittance varies with wavelength For paints and films, emittance drops off at longer wavelengths (cryo temperatures) Thicker substrates of non-conductors will not show this effect Emittance at a given wavelength varies with temperature Typical non-conductors do not show such an effect Thicker paint has higher absorptance at low temperatures Use specular paints for honeycomb or multi-bounce blackbodies! 2<  2s  -! 2!   8  2 w! 20H<#=#'go''-#! ' #7'/1##w# H  0޽h ? ̙33rp S. {\@/ T> ,g~q )Z2t8:ӱ [?Oh+'0p `h  PowerPoint Presentationdjgreen Jane Baumannese271Microsoft PowerPointon@(;@g@8GG`g  (g& &&#TNPPH2OMi & TNPP &&TNPP    --- !---&G&w@ L؟ww w6f- &Gy& --V;-- @"Arial ؟ww w6f- .C2 FT(Emittance & Absorptance for Cryo Testing#        .--X-- @"Arial Rd؟ww w6f- . 2 w . .2 w1Goal: . 33.g2 wy@To better understand emittance and absorptance and how they vary    . 33.%2 1at cryo temperatures  . . 2  . .2 1Sample problem . . 2 Q . .2 Q1 Emittance &  . .2 Q absorptance . .2 Qcof non. . 2 Q-. .2 Q conductors .@"Arial $d؟ww w6f- . 2 v= . .[2 vU8Effects of wavelength (spectral dependencies and trends)                . . 2 = . .02 UEffects of low temperaturesd        . . 2 = . .B2 U'Effects of thickness (paints and films)g          . . 2 = . .(2 UHoneycomb enhancements       .--"System6f !-&TNPP &՜.+,0h  $ , On-screen Show$Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.~ Times New RomanArialSymbol WingdingsDefault DesignPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint Presentation  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles